Everything about Charles The Bold totally explained
Charles the Bold or
Charles the Rash (
French:
Charles le Téméraire), also
Charles, Duke of Burgundy, baptised
Charles Martin de Bourgogne (
21 November 1433 –
5 January 1477) was
Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477.
Known as
Charles the Terrible to his enemies, he was the last
Valois Duke of
Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history.
After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress
Mary of Burgundy became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for over two centuries.
History
Early life and family
Charles the Bold was born in
Dijon, the son of
Philip the Good and
Isabel of Portugal. In his father's lifetime (1433-1467) he bore the title of
Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also made a
Knight of the Golden Fleece just twenty days after his birth, being invested by
Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de
Croÿ.
He was brought up under the direction of the Seigneur d'
Auxy, and early showed great application to study and also to warlike exercises. His father's court was the most extravagant in Europe at the time, and a centre for arts and commerce. While he was growing up, Charles witnessed his father's efforts to unite his increasing dominions in a single state, and his own later efforts centered on continuing and securing his father's successes.
In 1440, at the age of seven, Charles was married to Catherine, daughter of
Charles VII, the King of France, and sister of the
Dauphin (afterwards
Louis XI). She was only five years older than her husband, and she died in 1446 at the age of 18. They had no children.
In 1454, at the age of 21, having been a widower for eight years, Charles married a second time. He wanted to marry a daughter of his cousin, the
Duke of York (sister of Kings
Edward IV and
Richard III of England), but under the
Treaty of Arras (1435), he was required to marry only a royal princess of France. His father chose
Isabella of Bourbon for him: she was the daughter of Philip the Good's sister, and a very distant cousin of Charles VII of France. Their daughter,
Mary, was Charles' only surviving child, and became heiress to all of the Burgundian domains. Isabella died in 1465.
Charles was on familiar terms with his brother-in-law, the
Dauphin, when the latter was a refugee at the Court of
Burgundy from 1456 until Louis succeeded his father as King of France in 1461. But Louis began to pursue some of the same policies as his father; Charles viewed with chagrin Louis's later repurchase of the towns on the
Somme, which Louis's father had ceded in 1435 to Charles's father in the
Treaty of Arras. When his own father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip relinquished to him completely by an act of
12 April 1465), he entered upon his
lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the
League of the Public Weal.
For his third wife, Charles was offered the hand of Louis XI's daughter,
Anne; however, the wife he ultimately chose was
Margaret of York (who was his second cousin, they both being descended from
John of Gaunt). With his father gone, and being no longer bound by the Treaty of Arras, Charles decided to ally himself with Burgundy's old ally England. Louis did his best to prevent or delay the marriage (even sending French ships to waylay Margaret as she sailed to Sluys), but in the summer of 1468 it was celebrated sumptuously at
Bruges, and Charles was made a Knight of the Garter. The couple had no children, but Margaret devoted herself to her stepdaughter Mary; and after Mary's untimely death many years later, she kept Mary's two infant children as long as she was allowed. Margaret survived her husband, and was the only one of his wives to be Duchess of Burgundy, the first two wives having died while Philip, Duke of Burgundy, was still alive, and thus being known as Countesses of Charolais.
Early battles
On
12 April 1465, Philip relinquished government to Charles, who spent the next summer prosecuting the
War of the Public Weal against Louis XI. Charles was left master of the field at the
Battle of Montlhéry (
13 July 1465), where he was wounded, but this neither prevented the King from re-entering
Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the
Treaty of Conflans (4 October 1465), by which the King restored to him the towns on the
Somme, the counties of
Boulogne and
Guînes, and various other small territories. During the negotiations for the Treaty, his wife Isabella died suddenly at Les Quesnoy on 25 September, making a political marriage suddenly possible. As part of the treaty Louis promised him the hand of his infant daughter Anne, with
Champagne and
Ponthieu as
dowry, but no marriage took place.
In the meanwhile, Charles obtained the surrender of
Ponthieu. The revolt of
Liège against his father and his brother in law,
Louis of Bourbon, the
Prince-Bishop of Liège, and a desire to punish the town of
Dinant, intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. During the previous summer's wars, Dinant had celebrated a false rumour that Charles had been defeated at Montlheury by burning him in effigy, and chanting that he was the bastard of Duchess Isabel and John of Heinsburg, the previous Bishop of Liege (d.1455). On
25 August,
1466, Charles marched into Dinant, determined to avenge this slur on the honour of his mother, and sacked the city, killing every man, woman and child within; perhaps not surprisingly, he also successfully negotiated at the same time with the
Bishopric of Liège. After the death of his father, Philip the Good (
June 15,
1467), the Bishopric of Liège renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at
Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into Liège, whose walls he dismantled and deprived the city of some of its privileges.
Treaty of Péronne
Péronne. In the course of the negotiations the Duke was informed of a fresh revolt of the
Bishopric of Liège secretly fomented by Louis. After deliberating for four days how to deal with his adversary, who had thus maladroitly placed himself at his mercy, Charles decided to respect the parole he'd given and to negotiate with Louis (October 1468), at the same time forcing him to assist in quelling the revolt. The town was carried by assault and the inhabitants were massacred, Louis not intervening on behalf of his former allies.
At the expiry of the one year's truce which followed the
Treaty of Péronne, the King accused Charles of
treason, cited him to appear before the
parlement, and seized some of the towns on the Somme (1471). The Duke retaliated by invading France with a large army, taking possession of
Nesle and massacring its inhabitants. He failed, however, in an attack on
Beauvais, and had to content himself with ravaging the country as far as
Rouen, eventually retiring without having attained any useful result.
Domestic policies
Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least some of the extravagance which had characterized the court of Burgundy under his father, he'd bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he'd employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he'd endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he'd strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly
Englishmen and
Italians, and by developing his
artillery.
Building a kingdom
Furthermore, he'd lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469, the
Archduke of
Austria,
Sigismund, had sold him the county of
Ferrette, the Landgraviate of
Alsace, and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.
In October 1470, his brother in law,
Edward IV of England, the King of England, and many
Yorkist followers, took refuge in the Burgundian Court while the deposed
Henry VI was placed back on the throne in the
Readeption of Henry VI. The following March, with Burgundian support, Edward landed back in England and by May had reclaimed the crown.
In 1472-1473, Charles bought the reversion of the Duchy of
Guelders (ie the right to succeed to it) from its old Duke,
Arnold, whom he'd supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the Grand Duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Arles with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the Emperor
Frederick to assent to crown him king at
Trier. The ceremony, however, didn't take place owing to the Emperor's precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the Duke's attitude.
Downfall
In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the Archduke
Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the
Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their
revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor,
Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed on
May 9 1474); and finally, with
René II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of
Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories—
Flanders and the
Low Countries and the
Duchy and
County of Burgundy. All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary.
Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman,
Rupprecht of the Palatinate,
Archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 – June 1475) besieging the little town of
Neuss on the
Rhine (the
Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he'd persuaded his brother-in-law,
Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the
Treaty of Picquigny (
29 August 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized
Nancy (
30 November 1475).
From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging or drowning the garrison of
Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation. Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the
Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to flee with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty (including his silver bath) in the hands of the allies (
March 2 1476).
He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked
Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of
René II, Duke of Lorraine (
22 June 1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On
October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which René re-entered.
Death at Nancy
Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the
Battle of Nancy (
5 January 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body.
Legacy
Charles left his unmarried nineteen year-old daughter as his heir; clearly her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe. Both Louis and the Emperor had unmarried eldest sons; Charles had made some movements towards arranging a marriage between the Emperor's son, Maximilian, before his own death. Louis unwisely concentrated on seizing militarily the border territories, in particular the Duchy of Burgundy (a French fief). This naturally made negotiations for a marriage difficult. He later admitted to his councillor
Philippe de Commynes that this was his greatest mistake. In the meantime the Hapsburg Emperor moved faster and more purposefully and secured the match for his son, the future
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, with the aid of Mary's stepmother, Margaret.
Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit—a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery. He can't however be said to have embodied chivalric notions, as did his father, for even by the standards of the time, he displayed wanton cruelty. In view of Charles' irrational behaviour in the last year or so of his life, it has even been suggested that he became mentally unstable.
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